# Analog Front End of Electrochemical Sensing System

- Organization: [Khan Lab, USC](https://khan.usc.edu/)
- Role: Firmware Development, Testing and PCB Design
- Dates: Jan 2024 – May 2024
- Supervisor: Professor Yasser Khan
- Funding: [CURVE Fellowship](https://viterbiundergrad.usc.edu/research/curve/)
- Topics: Analog front end, Firmware, Arduino, PCB design, Electrochemical sensing
- Page: https://www.cedarroseleach.com/work/analog-front-end/

> Built firmware, test setups and a PCB layout for the analog front end of an extended-gate transistor sensor used for potassium ion sensing.

Links:
- [View Poster](https://www.cedarroseleach.com/files/analog-front-end-poster.pdf)

Publications:
- Poster: Leach, C.R., Coulon, E., Ferdoushi, M., & Khan, Y. "Firmware Development, Testing and PCB Design for the Analog Front End of Extended Gate Transistor Based Electrochemical Sensing System." CURVE research poster, University of Southern California, 2024. https://www.cedarroseleach.com/files/analog-front-end-poster.pdf

The Khan Lab at USC focuses on wearable sensors for precision health and psychiatry. As a freshman researcher in the Khan Lab I worked on an electrochemical sensing system for potassium ion sensing. My teammate and I developed firmware and hardware for the Analog Front End of an extended gate transistor-based sensor with differential sensing capabilities.

In an extended gate transistor-based electrochemical sensing system, the change in chemical activity of analyte species can be detected in the shift of the silicon transistors' i-v characteristics. With the transistor gate connected to an appropriate electrochemical sensor, the analyte in contact with the sensor will induce a shift in the transistor's threshold voltage. To collect this electrochemical data, we needed analog-to-digital conversion and a supply of bias to NMOS transistors through the Analog Front End (AFE). We used Analog Devices' AD5933 and interfaced it with an Arduino to control the transistors and read the drain-source current.

We created two setups, single-ended and differential printed sensors, and connected the transistor gate to the gold working electrode of the chosen setup. We developed the firmware to interface the Arduino with the digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which provides bias to the NMOS transistors. We created the AFE system from a breadboard, Arduino UNO, and DAC, but I created a PCB layout of the AFE for future use.

Figures:
- CURVE poster
- Testing our extended-gate transistor
- Extended gate transistor setups and PCB layout of analog front end

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By Cedar Rose Leach (cdleach@usc.edu). Site summary: /llms.txt